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When living and working in cities, we need to make sense of them in order to get by. We must delve below their surface to understand what makes them tick and how we can best engage with them. This book argues that three tropes can help us: namely, metaphors, icons and perspectives. Metaphorically, we can see the city as a community, a battleground, a marketplace, a machine or an organism. Some cities are iconic; they present us with characteristics that are more generally true of cities and city life, such as Venice, Mumbai, New York, Tokyo, Paris and Los Angeles. Cities can also be viewed from different perspectives: those of artists, analysts, rulers and citizens. This book explores these ways of understanding cities, drawing on rich accounts of cities across the world and through time.

Policy in Urban Planning: Structure Plans, Programmes and Local Plans provides an overview of the policy in urban planning. The title details the different policy statements available in expressing urban planning policy. The first part of the text talks about the need for policy; this part tackles activities, resources, and change, along with the forces of environmental change and ways to control environmental change. The second part of the selection covers concerns in the expression of policy, and discusses topics such as the nature of policy; some dimension of policy planning; and policy sta

Policy in Urban Planning: Structure Plans, Programmes and Local Plans provides an overview of the policy in urban planning. The title details the different policy statements available in expressing urban planning policy. The first part of the text talks about the need for policy; this part tackles activities, resources, and change, along with the forces of environmental change and ways to control environmental change. The second part of the selection covers concerns in the expression of policy, and discusses topics such as the nature of policy; some dimension of policy planning; and policy sta.

The inner city as a political issue has had a rare longevity. From Harold Wilson's expansion of the Urban Programme in 1968, through the new economic perspective embodied in the 1977 White Paper, to Margaret Thatcher's declaration of having 'a big job to do in those inner cities' on election night in 1987 — the issue has always been prominent.
This paper examines ways in which the issue has been 'framed' over the last decade. It draws on contrasts between state and market mechanisms, the relationships between central and local government and emerging ideologies of the city itself. The author concludes by proposing a new regulatory framework for the development of a national urban policy.

To be successful inner city policy must resolve three dilemmas: what is the nature of the problem? how can it be tackled? why should it command political attention? Cognitively there are four schools of thought – expressed in the metaphors of the city as machine, as community, as market place and battleground. The economic perspective now dominates thinking. Operationally the need, in achieving the inescapable mixed strategies, is to strengthen the capacities of business, government and not‐for‐profit agencies and to bind them more effectively to joint action that serves their separate interests. Leverage and joint ventures are key concepts here. Politically inner city policy is shaped by concerns with welfare, development and public disorder. Its electoral bias is particularly problematic. Resolution of these dilemmas is most likely through the assertion of development objectives, the demonstration of effective joint action and the exploitation of the unique diversity of urban places and people.

Need for business, government, and locally-based voluntary groups to interact in defining and solving urban problems. Identifying problems; overcoming constraints that limit the effectiveness of the powers, agencies, resources and procedures available to effect policy; political problems.